Civil War Letters of 
Major Fredrick C. Winkler, 1863

Letter #24______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 1st, 1863.

        The common wish of a Happy New Year, I have heard from a hundred lips to-day. If we were to regard the weather as an omen, it would promise good to Virginia, poor, war-beaten Virginia. This morning is clear and bright and genial, as if angels ruled the skies, and the day has been a lovely Indian summer day; I went off about eleven o'clock to make calls and did not get back until supper time. This afternoon I rode up to Hopewell Landing, on Aquia Creek, with several officers; before we reached the Landing, from a high hill, we plainly saw an expansive sheet of water, smooth as a mirror in the sunshine, with a steamer and several sailing vessels upon it. We could only see portions of it glimmering through the dense forest, but it did my eyes good to behold a clear, smooth surface of water once more. When we came to the Landing, we were told it was the Potomac we had seen. We ascended another very high hill close to Aquia Creek which widens into a bay at this place; here we had a full view of several miles of the Potomac with its busy vessels floating up and down. I enjoyed the sight. Evergreens are very plentiful here.
        The old year has closed, and the history of America, 1862, will form an eventful chapter. The chronicles of many families have their pages of sorrow, of deep and bitter grief, and the public records too will tell of subjects of regret, of occurrences that every patriot will deplore. Ah, yes, who would have thought a year ago that, at this time, things would be in the condition they are.
        "One of My Clients", in the December Number of the Atlantic, I read with a good deal of interest. You remember one evening I wrote you that a Captain was stopping with me, a Massachusetts lawyer. I gave it to him to read and we afterwards discussed the probability of its truthfulness, and after having made the whole story pass in review, under search- ing criticism, came to the conclusion that, the varnish deducted, it must be true.
        The Lieutenant Colonel of the 26th Regiment, told me to-day that he intended to resign. The Major has gone to Washington on twenty days' sick leave, at the end of which he will probably resign-thus there will be two vacancies. The Colonel wants me to fill one of them and will use his influence to give me the highest, but I will not seek promotion. I am perfectly satisfied with my present position; I would rather be Judge Advocate and feel more at home, I know that I am equal to it, but in a high office of command, I should be far more diffident.

Letter #25______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 4th, 1863.

        You talk of my discomforts, but I assure you that I am most comfortable here. You really have no idea how comfortable a wall tent may be. Here is my desk and two chairs, enough for any reasonable man's office and sitting room. Then there is my cot with a grass mattress, several blankets and a buffalo robe; a bed by night, a lounge by day. I have a stove to keep me warm, wood in abundance; business enough to keep me out of mischief, a horse to ride, and a boy to wait on me. I eat three times a day at a regular table; if we have no pies and puddings, we do indeed have good substantial food, occasionally prepared with a stimulant for the appetite you probably have not learned of. Shall I tell you what it is? It is negro girl's curly hair, that is all. Added to all this, the most delightful weather and a very fine wild country all around,
"If t'were not that the world was sad, The garden was a wild, and man-
        The hermit-sighed till woman smiled," Who would not envy this glorious position?

Letter #26______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 4th, 1863.

        I am getting along very finely with business in my office; it works to a charm. Some time ago, I got into quite a dispute about some of the proceedings of my court at Fairfax C.H. with the Adjutant General. After the proceedings were sent in by me, he sent me a request one day to come down to his office; I went down and found him engaged in the perusal of my record. He said, these are the most irregular proceedings I almost ever saw, and then pointed out to me two supposed errors of a very grave character which, according to his view, made the proceedings in two rather important cases entirely void. I insisted that they were right and finally made him give in on one point; on the other he was obstinate, and I was too, so he proposed to decide it by telegraphing to the former Judge Advocate of the Corps, who is now Assistant Judge Advocate General. The dispatch was sent to Washington, and soon an answer was returned calling his view correct. I was nevertheless convinced that my view was right and resolved to vindicate it; I accordingly wrote to the Judge Advocate General for instruction, and in my letter fully-argued the matter. A few days ago I had the satisfaction of receiving an answer, signed by the Hon. Joseph Holt himself, saying that there could be no doubt that my position was correct. The record in question was the first I had ever made, and I was bound to maintain it; I knew I was right, that I could convince every lawyer of it and I have done it, and it gives me great satisfaction.

Letter #27______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 13th, 1863.

        It is almost eleven o'clock and I am used to going to bed rather early nowadays. I am on duty as officer of the day for three days, and this evening General Sigel sent for me to talk about some official correspondence. In a few days the railroad from Bridgeport to Chattanooga will begin running order; it is hoped that we will have more regular mails then. Col. Jacob's resignation has been accepted and states on its face the cause, "For the good of the service, this officer having been absent during a large portion of the time while the regiment has been in the service, and having so often tendered his resignation on frivolous grounds". You would not want me to come home with such a letter of discharge as that. I would rather be shot dead in the first battle, but do not say anything about this.

Letter #28______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 16th, 1863.

        I have handled my pen all day and evening in assiduous labor. My court adjourned sine die to-day, having tried, since the 26th of December, eighteen cases. It has been hard work forme, and there are still three days' work to finish my records. If we have not moved by that time, I shall have to convene a court again; it is not probable that we will remain here, the whole corps is under marching orders and it may be that we start to-morrow. I moved my tent from General Sigel's to General Stahel's headquarters to-day, a distance of about half a dozen rods. General Sigel had ordered me to report to General Stahel, commander of the corps; I have been appointed on Stahel's staff with my present position. Major Baldwin, of whom I told you, is Adjutant General; this will make it very pleasant for me; nothing is more agreeable than to have an Adjutant General who is a personal friend for members of the staff. General Stahel personally seems to be very agree able. Great preparations are making for moving; we may start to-morrow, though I don't think headquarters will go then. The Lieutenant Colonel of our regiment has resigned and his resignation has been accepted. The Major is in Washington on sick leave, which has expired. It will be decided in a very short time whether I return to the regiment or remain here. I think I would rather be Judge Advocate than either lieutenant colonel or major, but if either of these positions if offered me, I cannot well decline. I have been invited to General Schurz' and I must go at once.

Letter #29______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 19th, 1863.

        The question of my promotion has been decided this evening. It was the Colonel's wish to get Captain Boebel and myself to fill the two vacancies. I had a conference with Captain B., about it this afternoon; he is a much better soldier than I am and has had a good deal more experience; I had not the hardihood to ask him to take the second position and let me have the first. I then wrote a letter to Colonel J. and requested him to get Captain Boebel appointed lieutenant colonel, but at the same time told him to change my present position for that of major of the regiment would be an advantage neither to myself nor the regiment and I should, therefore, decline. It would not do for me, who have been with the regiment so short a time, to at once take the responsible position of lieutenant colonel. It would not be right as against other captains who have served in the line. Moreover, the regiment will march to-morrow; Colonel J. is alone and he must get one of the captains to act as field officer. lie cannot take me, as I am not there. I cannot, I must not be lieutenant colonel. The position of major is very pleasant for a good easy man that likes military title and emoluments without much work; I prefer my present position. There are many men who would make as good a major as I would, but it would not be so easy to find a proper person for judge advocate.
        I took a horseback ride to a church about two miles from here to-day. It bears the inscription "Built in 1751. Destroyed by fire 1754, and rebuilt 1757." It is quite large, built in the shape of a Greek cross. The walls are massive and the interior plainly shows that it is an Episcopalian Church.
I am going to buy me a horse. I have my eye on a very fine one, combining the virtues of fine appearance, strength, spirit and youth. I shall try to secure it before we march. My other one is almost too sad a specimen of the equine race. My man Fred may ride him and carry blankets, ration and forage on his back-I mean on the horse's back.

Letter #30______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 20th, 1863.

        Very early this morning we heard the tramping of regiments amid the merry play of music. The corps was in motion; headquarters had not yet started. I rode through deserted camps this afternoon, roofless houses everywhere. The boys of all the regiments had, with considerable exertions, put up log huts and made themselves quite comfortable; about half a dozen were well built and strong, plastered over with clay. Of course, every hut had a fireplace and a chimney. Their labors just finished, they are obliged to leave, but all seem in good spirits. To use rumor as a basis of calculation, you will hear of another battle near the banks of the Rappahannock soon; may the news when it comes be of a gladdening nature.
        Near the old camping ground of the 26th Wisconsin are four graves, two very recent ones of Company A, two of last month of Company G. A very neat picket fence encloses them; two of them have stone slabs with the name of the sleeper, his description, age and time of death painted upon them. The two latest are completely surrounded by wreaths of the Virginia holly; the outline of a heart is also traced on each of the latter with a soft and tender light green moss ornamented with the holly berries. These two graves are indeed beautiful and testify that his dead comrade is not an object of indifference to the soldier.
        The rumor spread here very suddenly this morning that General Schurz had procured from the War Department an order putting him in command of this corps, thus would follow his appointment of Major General.
        I bought a horse to-day, a fine bay mare four years of age, strong and well proportioned, spirited, but of kind disposition. When I first rode her, she was wholly untrained, coltish and shy, but she is so teachable that she will even now gallop at my will, except that she will sometimes take fright at some insignificant object and then make several bounds before I can check her. If it is not too troublesome and expensive, I will bring her along when I come home to stay. I asked my Fred this afternoon what I should name her; he said "Fannie".
It commenced to storm furiously after sunset this evening; too bad for our troops on the march, and how it will soften the roads, a single night's rain will make Virginia roads impassable. It is bad luck for us that this weather should set in just as we are starting out on a campaign. My tent and desk shake so that it is very hard to write.

Letter #31______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 21st, 1863.

        Still here. The storm, to which equinoctials are nothing in comparison, raged all night. I slept trembling lest my canvas house would come down at any moment, and sat up in by bed at least once every hour to grab one of the tent poles. My poor mare was out in the rain without a shelter all night and trembles with cold this morning; I took her out for a short ride, more for her benefit than my own. I found a huge India rubber blanket whose protection she shall have the coming night. Here is Gilbert saying "Captain, supper is ready". What an outrage that no enterprising Yankee will put up gaslights at Stafford C. H.; going to supper I got into the mud knee deep, now I have pulled off my muddy boots and put on my slippers. Some of the 26th are here on guard and, under the superintendence of Fred, are sewing an India rubber house for my horse. What a valuable institution a thread and needle is, it will build houses as well as make garments.

Letter #32______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  January 24th, 1863.

        I scoured over the country to-day in every direction for a tolerably dry spot whereon to trot my noble steed. I wish You could see my horse, how finely she bears herself and how she improves from day to day. All who see her admire her.

Letter #33______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  February 1st, 1863.

        I am going to hold a court martial at Hall's Farm, about four miles from Washington. I shall take my horse with me. I intend to ride down to Aquia Landing, there embark and go on to Washington and thence ride to Hall's Farm. I shall certainly spend some little time in Washington.
        You spoke of General Burnside's resignation. The removal of a portion of our army to the west is so far only partly true; no part of our army has been transferred or has started to go to the west. General B. has, at his own request, been relieved from the command of the Army of the Potomac; he has gained no glory as a military officer in that position, but his brief course has been characterized with the truest spirit of manliness. Whatever we may think of him as a general, as a man we cannot but admire him. When the country was indignantly announcing the sad events at Fredericksburg, he stepped forth and boldly stated that the plan of the attack, the fault of the disaster was his. He saw that the army had, in a great measure, lost confidence in him and he asked to be permitted to resign from the command. He was not the first general relieved from his command; many are now walking the streets of a pleasant idle resort in some northern city, at the same time holding the rank and receiving the emoluments of major or brigadier general. General Burnside was the first and only one that has recognized the meanness of such a position, and he frankly tells the president that hers ready for any duty that may be assigned him, but unless he could be actively employed, he hoped his resignation would be accepted. Is he not one of Nature's noblemen? I like such a man. I like to see ambition, it is the spirit of greatness, but the ambition which seeks place, position, and outward honors, is a perversion of ambition. I hope that General Burnside will receive another command, and I yet believe that he will develop superior generalship.

Letter #34______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Metropolitan Hotel,
                                                                                                  Washington, February 4th, 1863

        It is six o'clock I have just come from dinner, but let me tell my narrative abinitio, as lawyers call it. I started on Monday morning by starlight, well mounted on my noble steed. I trudged my horse through the deep mud to Aquia Landing and got to Washington at four P.M. After stabling my horse and myself put up at the National Hotel, after shaving, hair cutting, shampooing and boot blacking, in the evening, I went to Grover's, the stylish theater of Washington. Mr. and Mrs. Barney Williams played the Fairy Circle. Next morning I settled my hotel bill, got my horse and went to Ilall's Farm. I had been sent there to organize a court martial for the trial of two lieutenants in the First Maryland Cavalry, which was stationed there, and lo, when I got there, that regiment had left a few days before to join the corps. I returned to Washington and at once went at the important business of drawing my pay; supplied with cash, I went to call upon Mrs. Lieutenant Colonel Le Duc, to pay her for the horse I recently bought of her husband. My horse-poor thing-does not like city life; before I got her on the boat at Aquia, she came very near jumping off the pier from fright at a locomotive; when we got to the city, she was appalled at the sight of the street cars and tried to run away. In passing by the Metro Politan Hotel, I heard my name called, and on looking around saw Lieutenant Colonel Salisbury, Chief Commissary on General Sigel's staff, a fine gentleman fifty years of age; we took a room together on the first floor. Afterward I went to look up a dentist and came to the office of a Dr. Loomis; he was busy, but a little girl, who was not so very young, addressed me saying that there was to be a concert given on the next evening at Willard's Hall for the benefit of sick and wounded soldiers and she was selling tickets; of course, I bought a ticket, but to describe this little girl-she wore a round black hat with one or two small flowers, short black dress, no hoops and a pair of pantaloons-she was a bloomer in black silk. We entered into conversation and she told me that she devoted all her time to relief associations for the sick and wounded soldiers. She has been down to Suffolk and visited all the field hospitals, and described the sufferings she had witnessed and been so fortunate as to relieve in a most sympathetic manner, and finally on departing said that, if I should get sick and be wounded, she hoped she would find me and would take care of me.
        About two o'clock I went to the Capitol. Pictures and statuary I saw, but did not look at that long. Deliberative assemblies possess a charm for me more potent than works of art. I went to the gallery of the House of Representatives, and what a place- a man is speaking and no one listening-I don't like that place. Why don't the members sit down? Why do they want to talk? No one hears them, ah yes, there is a reporters' gallery, the Honorable Member is talking for the "Congressional Globe". The Senate is the place; I like that. I saw Senators Doolittle and Howe, a delegation that is not beaten by that of any other state, and I saw Salisbury of Delaware, that piece of disgrace to the Senate. What good is a senatorship to such a man? Ah, high position to those who honor it is an honor; to those who do not, who disgrace it, it is a curse. When I came in Senator Richardson of Illinois had the floor, a conscription bill was under consideration. Richardson would not give so much power to Mr. Lincoln or any other man in the presidential chair; his colleague, Senator Trumbell, got up only to deny and ridicule a statement of his that most of Illinois' soldiers were democrats, and that Mc Clellan was a victorious general. Senator Carlylee found "constitutional objections" to the bill. Senator Nesmith of Oregon, a very fine looking man, who speaks with pleasant fluency and propriety of language, supported the bill, in hopes that it would give us a better than our present army, which he denounced as wholly undisciplined, as a mere mob; he said of the administration that, if it possessed one-half the common sense of the navy at Richmond, the rebellion would have been crushed long ago. I am going there again this afternoon, don't go home until to-morrow. I went to the Senate Chamber again on Thursday afternoon. Senator Doolittle was Just concluding his speech and the Senate shortly after adjourned. On Friday morning, Lieutenant Colonel Sallsbury left me; I should have gone with him, but I had not got my pay account quite straightened. I went to the Supreme Court of the United States, Chief Justice Taney is a very inferior looking man, his countenance certainly does not indicate much intellect.
        When I came back here, I found that quite a change had taken place. I went to General Stahel's room to report myself back; he was not in; his servant showed me an order abolishing grand division and restoring the old corps organization and putting General Sigel in command of the 11th again. This I suppose will bring the Judge Advocate to General Sigel's staff again.

Letter #35______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  February 13th, 1863.

        I called on General Schurz and Colonel Nobel on horseback this afternoon. The exercise did me good. I have just read that splendid exploit of the Queen of the West in running the batteries of Vicksburg under command of Colonel Elliott; it was a most brilliant and daring feat. I brought a set of chessmen from Washington with me and we now play an occasional game of chess. I went to the Sibley Tent, consulting our hall of justice, this morning, and found that the slekness of one and absence of two other members had left me but four, as five is the minimum of a general court martial, we had to adjourn for twenty-four hours. The morning was beautiful, the sun shone out so clear, so warm and bright; it must be admitted you do not have such a sun in Wisconsin. About ten o'clock a message came from fighting Joe Hooker, saying that he would review our corps at twelve. Notice was at once sent to the different divisions to get ready, and I got permission from General Sigel to accompany him; I had Fleda saddled and girt myself with sash and sword. General Hooker came down to General Sigel's some time before we started with a very numerous staff. About one and a half miles from here, the second division, General Steinwehr, was drawn up, each regiment separately. As is the custom at reviews, the generals, followed by their staffs and the commander of the divisions and his staff, rode around-or more properly speaking, dashed around each regiment-galloped up the line in front and came back again in the rear. This was done at the top of the horses' speed. It must have been quite a sight to see the brilliant cavalcade dash along. Then we took our position in front of the division, and the regiments and battalions marched by while the bands were playing. As the 2nd Division withdrew from the field, the 3rd Division, General Schurz', filed from out of the woods and took up its position; having reviewed this in the same way, we went to the first, several miles farther on, always in full gallop. Afterwards General Hooker and staff said to General Sigel that they were charmed with his troops; they left us and we rode slowly home. Fleda behaved admirably, trotting, running and leap ing ditches-she was always with the first-and going home no horse could keep up with her walking; I had to stop frequently to keep behind the General. The review, considering the short notice, passed off very creditably. I think General Hooker bears some resemblance to General Scott; lie is a fine soldierly looking man.

Letter #36______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  February 20th, 1863.

        I am at my records again, that occupy almost all my time. To-day it was pleasant; after dinner, my court having adjourned at 1.30 P.M., Captain Pyatt and I took a ride. I believe I have told you that I belong to General Sigel's staff again; everything is getting back into the old track. To-morrow a court assembles and I shall have untold trouble to get an appropriate hall of justice. The 34th Regiment that sneaked away from Milwaukee must indeed be efficient against the enemy. Oh, what a mean spirit has come over the North; it is almost disgusting. Multitudes of deserters from drafted regiments, instead of being hooted and scorned as they deserve, are treated as heroes-yea, as martyrs who have suffered for the people's rights. It is a shame, I am glad I am not at home to see it. Henry the Sixth was right. "Look as I blow this feather from my face, And as the wind blows it to me again; Obeying with my breath when I blow, And yielding to another when it blows; Commanded always by the greater gust, Such is the likeness of your common men."
        I join you saying, God speed the right. Verily, human nature is not equal to the task before it; in God alone must be our trust.
        I have been busy all the evening preparing cases for trial. I found myself in the happy possession of only thirty-two cases, but as I have sent all cases of privates to the divisions to be tried by division court martial, that has reduced my number to ten.

( * * * * * * + * * ) Letters missing.

Letter #37______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Cleveland, Ohio, March 10th, 1863.

        I wrote you just twelve hours after leaving home. It is provoking to be thus delayed; I may get through to Washington to-morrow night, it would have been better to have stayed in Milwaukee. Two weeks ago, I left Stafford C.H. I bought a copy of "My Diary, North and South", by Russell of the London Times, on the cars. The little mind of the author belittles and bespatters everything he takes note of and then dishes it up to the reader; unable, I suppose, to write decent English, he encumbers his fiction with French and Latin phrases. I see by the paper that another war is threatening; perhaps it is best that we should fight all our enemies at once. The Saints of Utah, it seems, mean to protect their divine institution.

Letter #38______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Washington, March 12th, 1863.

        About six o'clock this afternoon, I arrived here very tired; at seven, I shall start for home; having taken supper, I went to Willard's Hotel, thinking I might find General Sigel there and learn something as to how things are likely to go. I was sorry not to find him.

Letter #39______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Stafford, C. H., March 12th, 1863.

        I have arrived at my home in the field again. MY tent is fixed up all in good condition, just as it used to be. When I arrived from Washington some time ago, a feeling of disappointment overcame me when I came back to live in this little tent, but I am feeling better now. Everything is in an uncertain state here; we do not know what will be done with us. I am strongly pressed to accept the majorship of the regiment, but I do not wish to. My boy Fred is still quite sick and I shall have to send him home; I am sorry to lose him, it will be quite difficult to get another as good a servant.

Letter #40______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Sunday, March 15th, 1863.

        I rode out to the regiment yesterday forenoon; saw all the people, and Mrs. Jacobs, if not the Colonel; desiring to see him, I left word that I would come again in the evening, when one of the captains came in to invite us down to a supper. I went and soon the Colonel and other officers came in, and Colonel Jacobs introduced Captain Baetz as the newly elected major of the regiment. I had positively refused to take the position. Captain Baetz is a worthy officer and a refined gentleman, the man I always recommended to Jacobs for the position. Lieutenant Lackner will be made Captain of Company B. If I should lose my present position in the staff, my proper place in the regiment being filled, I think I must be assigned to some other command. The news came here this morning that Brigadier General Stahel and Schurz have both been appointed and confirmed Major Generals. One of them will undoubtedly get command of the corps. I want to take part in at least one active campaign, and it will be better to stay to the conclusion of war, but we cannot forestall events, the future will fashion itself and as it comes we will accept it.

Letter #41______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  March 17th, 1863.

        I commenced with a new court to-day and I am glad that the court has adopted from ten to three as the hours of session. I went to the regiment this afternoon and engaged George Jones for my clerk; if he does well it will be a great help to me. General Stahel is here to take leave of the corps. General Schurz will have command of the 11th Corps. I anticipate my position under him will be most pleasant and agreeable. I have been at work at court martial these three days and business has accumulated so much it requires great application. I sent Fred to a hospital in Washington to-day; the poor boy won't get well, I am afraid. We have May weather now, birds-robins and meadow larks-are very plentiful and make the air resound with their songs.

Letter #42______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  March 20th, 1863.

        We heard very distant and heavy cannonading here the other day, at the time of the fight at Kelly's Ford. Yesterday the witnesses and prisoners I had summoned, were reported on picket, so almost the whole court went to see a review of the 12th Corps, General Slocum's, by General Hooker; it was a very fine parade.

Letter #43______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  March 22nd, 1863.

        Yesterday, despite the mud, I could not resist the temptation to take a short ride, and went out to the regiment and spent a pleasant hour with my fellow officers. On my way back, I met Colonel Nobel, who was going to visit me at our headquarters. He is a refined elderly gentleman, a well educated lawyer. Father Abraham has not yet made his disposal of our generals, consequently no disposal can be made of me. Everything seems to point to an early advance on the part of this army. Vigorous preparations are being made; upon the campaign of this spring, the destiny of our country depends. All accounts seem to agree that the South, during the past winter, has suffered and is still suffering; if we are signally successful, both in the east and west, in the spring campaign, we may perhaps hope to crush the rebellion; at any rate, it will greatly humble it. What is even more important, it will improve public sentiment in the North. Military success will destroy the power of copper heads. If we are successful and need more troops, we can easily enroll them under the Conscript Act, as it is called; if we have to resort to conscription under the cloud of defeat, there will be resistance and a civil war may be enkindled in the north. I do not know of any prior period of the war when success was likely to prove more effective; on the other hand, there has been none when defeat would prove more disastrous. Everything, the peace of our own states, the safety of our own households, depends upon our next battle. Let up hope and pray for its success.

Letter #44______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  March 28th, 1863.

        I went out to the 2nd Division headquarters this morning in a torrent of rain, but there were but four members of the court present and so we had to adjourn. General Schurz is now here and commands the corps. I met him in front of the house toward evening and had a little miscellaneous talk with him. His staff has not yet been announced. General Sigel, I am told, has not been relieved from the command of the corps, nor has his resignation been accepted, but he has an indefinite leave of absence. Tendering his resignation was certainly the most ill-advised step he could have taken. It may well be that his military career is ended and, if so, it will not be long before he will sink back into the insignificance which concealed him before the war broke out. I am the only one now left of our mess, and it is somewhat lonesome. The tent where we used to meet to play checkers, chess and sometimes a game of cards, is entirely deserted. George Jones is still with me; he is quite a nice little fellow and writes very well indeed; he is obliging and gentlemanly too.
        I was indignant this afternoon and very justly so. About three o'clock, I thought I would take a ride to the regiment, but I must premise here that a few days ago I hired a son of Africa as my servant, a pure black, one whose late master lives not far from here. He proudly points to the President's Proclamation as the charter of his liberty. The gentlemen's name is Alex. When I wanted my horse this afternoon I called for Alex, but though I repeated the calling in louder tones, I received no answer; finally I went to the tent where these negroes dwell and was told by a little fellow, "Alex is gone to station, sir". "What?" said I, "Yes sir, gone to station after Mr. Kent, sir." Mr. Kent is correspondent of the Tribune and stays here at headquarters. I asked this boy to saddle my horse for me, when, to my surprise, he told me that Mr. Alex had taken my horse down to the station to get Mr. Kent. It did enrage me, to think of that boy who does not know how to saddle a horse, much less to ride one, with my horse at the station where any passing train would put her entirely beyond his control, and his impudence to take her without my permission.

Letter #45______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  April 1st, 1863.

        This day, which is generally considered one of joking and pleasantry, appeared to us in rather a serious form. At last a sudden change has come. I rode to the Division Headquarters this morning without the slightest suspicion, and heard rumors of our having a new commander, yet we all attached little importance to them. At dinner, I was informed that Major General Howard had arrived and taken command of the corps; I was surprised, and so was everybody surprised. I saw some of the staff, and they expressed their satisfaction at having heard that all the old staff, was to remain. General Howard's reputation as an officer, and as a man too, is very good, and it is said that General Hooker has declared that he must have him to command this corps or he cannot take the corps with him. I had to be at the 2nd Division headquarters again at 2 P.M. and didn't have much time to muse upon the change. I returned a little before six, and, finding a number of the Atlantic had arrived, sat down upon my couch to cut the leaves open. While thus employed, my tent opened and a comparatively young man with only one arm, in a major general's uniform, entered my tent, followed by Lieutenant Colonel Assmussen; the latter introduced General Howard to me. General Tloward asked me about my official duties, of which I gave him a brief account, and he then observed that each division ought to do its own court martial business, and seemed somewhat surprised that we had followed a different plan, and also that one judge advocate was able to do the business of the corps. The truth is, ours is the only corps in the army where this business is done at the headquarters of the corps; according to the strict letter of the law, it is not the proper mode, though I think- for the purposes of a uniform and impartial administration of justice-our practice is greatly preferable. From what General Howard said, I have no doubt that he will conform our practice to that of the other corps, and thereby do away with the judge advocate as a staff officer.

Letter #46______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  April 3rd, 1863.

        We are all under marching orders; some of our troops are already under way, and we are only waiting for orders to start. I am glad we are going; it is terribly tedious here. Rain will probably delay our march for a few days. I shall have a court in session to-morrow to try a half dozen delinquents. I am no more troubled with stupid Alex's services, but what is worse, I have no servant at all. I have to entrust Fledato the care of others men, and she is suffering under it, she has grown quite thin of late, while my boots for want of blacking are assuming a ruby tinge and my sword too is putting on a flushed complexion.

Letter #47______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  April 5th, 1863.

        It is Sunday morning, and how does Virginia look in spring? Is the spring growing? Are the leaves budding? Are the flowers unfolding under the genial influence of a southern sun? Cool northern blasts are blowing, and the soil of the Old Dominion is robed in white. This morning the snow is very deep. Towards evening yesterday, the chief of the staff came around and stated to each of us that the General desired us to supply ourselves with wood to last over Sunday, so that there would be no wood cutting done today, and also desired that we should abstain from all secular labor. This seems a little new in the army, but I think it will have a good effect. I hope the General won't have any objections to writing letters. It was rumored yesterday that the president was to come out today, and that portions of the army, or the whole, were to be reviewed to-morrow, but the weather is very unpropitious for Father Abraham.
        Our new General seems to be a very active man; he looks at everything and takes note of everything himself. He goes to every department; while going to the bakeries this morning he met a wagon master who was indulging in profane exclamations; the General had him called aside and said to him, it was the first language of the kind he had heard since he came to the corps and he did not wish to hear any more. This evening an orderly told me that he went out with the General this forenoon and when he stopped held his horse; when the General re-mounted he said to him "Thank you", and the orderly said, "Nobody ever said that to me before since I have been in the service."

Letter #48______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  April 8th, 1863.

        On Monday there was to be a review of the cavalry corps at General Hooker's headquarters. General Howard went up with a portion of his staff, and I asked for and received permission to go along. We were all covered with mud, but we saw Old Abe and a little son; they rode out to the review at the head of a multitude of generals and swarming hosts of staff officers. Father Abraham is notoriously not a handsome man, but there is that in his looks which says that he is not a common man.
        When I came back to Stafford C.H., I found, to my dismay, that my tent had been struck and carried away; my things had been thrown into another tent, and there I have to stay all night. Yesterday we moved two and one-half miles from our old headquarters and are in tents, general and all. Last evening I called on General Howard and we had an extended conversation as to court martial proceedings, during which he came to the conclusion not to have any more corps courts, but to let each division have its own, as a consequence, I asked to be relieved from duty at these headquarters. General Schurz' adjutant general ordered me to bring my tent and stove to their headquarters.

Letter #49______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  April 9th, 1863.

        I have been appointed Judge Advocate of General Schurz' division; that division is one-third of the corps. My business, therefore, will be greatly decreased, and in the same proportion will the importance of my position be reduced. I reported to Colonel Jacobs to-day and was ordered to report to General Schurz. Perhaps it is best; as to assuming the command of a company, I have determined not to do it; I know I would suffer very much on the march in warm weather, if I could stand it at all.

Letter #50______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  April 11th, 1863.

        We had a grand review yesterday before the President and his wife and all the generals in the army. General Schurz went to Washington with them and has not yet returned. I have been assigned to a big hospital tent as large as a sitting room in which there are two beds besides mine. Governor Salomon is in Washington and is expected here in a few days, perhaps he will come to-morrow. General Schurz has had a new tent pitched for me, and the boys of the 26th have done their best to ornament it with moss, boughs and evergreens.

Letter #51______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  April 19th, 1863.

        Governor Salomon is here. This morning, before I got up, I received a note from Colonel Jacobs, saying that the Governor would arrive at the landing this forenoon, and asking me to ride over with him and others to receive him. We met the Governor and he rode up here on my horse, my unsurpassed and incomparable Fleda, while I rode a vicious beast Colonel Jacobs calls his Bill. The Governor is now in the General's tent at dinner. He will visit some other Wisconsin regiments to-morrow; I should like to go with him, as I have a number of friends in some of them, but my court martial may detain me.

Letter #52______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  April 26th, 1863.

        It is Sunday afternoon and my tent is struck and I write in the open air for the last time from the immediate vicinity of Stafford C.H.; tomorrow we start, and I am glad we are going. It was getting too tedious here with nothing to do. We have been here so long, it has almost come to seem as if we lived here. I have sent my trunk back just now in a hurry; I may never see it again, officers very frequently lose all their baggage. I burned three memorandum books. There is nothing lost in them.

Letter #53______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  May 1st, 1863, in the Field.

        We left our old camp yesterday morning, and arrived here at one P.M. at the Rappahannock River, near Kelly's Ford, where the cavalry skirmish took place sometime ago. The place of crossing is very near and we shall make the attempt to cross very soon, possibly this very night. Several other corps are to join us. We are, I believe, to have the advance. A battle will take place at the crossing; things are moving now and we shall soon see something of actual war. Just now an order is issued to have the troops ready to march at one hour's notice. This may mean something. I am well, although somewhat tired, and have no apprehensions of any ill befalling me.
        It is May Day, the first of May, as May Days in lands beyond the Atlantic and beyond the Rhine are days of festivity, so it is to us almost a festive day. It is Friday, I believe. Since Monday morning, this is the first day that we are not up and marching at dawn-the first day too that the sun shines out pleasantly. You have no idea how cheerful, how happy, we feel. It is indeed privation only that shows us what delight there is in the simplest comforts of life.
        The last few days have been very, very hard. On Monday morning, we started early and marched about fifteen miles. This march was not so very hard on us on horseback, but for the troops, with the very heavy loads for them to carry, it was hard indeed. The next morning, we started at five o'clock and by a forced march arrived at Kelly's Ford at one. So far all went well enough; our wagon, with plenty to eat, had been with us. I had done a good deal of riding, up and down, on different missions and was pretty tired. We succeeded in getting a little room in a log house for the General, and stretched a big fly over a pole for the staff; we had not been there long when we were informed that a pontoon bridge was building, and as soon as finished we were to cross. We were ordered to be in readiness to move on ten minutes' notice, and remained so until eight o'clock P.M., when we marched down to the river to cross. The bridge was about one and a half miles distant, and there was a brigade between it and our division. We marched to the rear of that brigade and then halted. General Schurz' staff rode to the front; then we found that the bridge was not done, and it took two hours before it was finished. I rode back to our quarters several times to see to the teams, etc. We were at this time still under apprehension that we might be attacked or come upon the enemy when crossing the river. When we rode down to the river, I remarked to General Schurz what a beautiful night it was, the moon shone out through a thin haze and it was so calm, so quiet, it seemed as if the heavens were smiling upon us. At length we crossed, formed our battalions and marched forward. There was on the south side of the river, a vast level field, and it had grown very foggy, so that it was very difficult to tell the direction we were going or to find the proper road; there was no road at all where we crossed. Our guides misled us and we lost our way; the moon became entirely obscured and we were in a sad predicament, but our General displayed great coolness and energy. He had evidently studied the map thoroughly and knew where he wanted to go to take up his position. He sent his staff officers out in various directions in search of a road he knew to be there and, after riding around that soft swamp ground-where our horses got in up to their knees at every step- we came to the top of a hill and found the road we looked for. We brought our troops up there and rested some fifteen minutes, for they were worn and tired out. Then we marched on again, not a very great distance indeed, but it seemed far for the road was very muddy and we had been told it was but half a mile, but found it three or four times that distance. At length we came to the woods we were to find and to their outer edge, where we took our position. It took some time before we got all the troops in their proper places, then we rode over to a farm house; it was almost three o'clock. The General went in and, after some time, told us we were to stay there until morning, but not to unsaddle our horses and to be ourselves in full harness. I laid down on a wooden bench on the piazza and over-powered by weariness at once fell asleep, but it was not long that I slept, for at dawn of day it was reported that our pickets had been fired upon and rebel pickets were seen, and of course all were at once on their feet. We did see rebel cavalry pickets quite plainly on our right some two miles distant, but they were not formidable. General Slocum's Corps passed us at this place, and although we had been ready at early morn, our column did not move until ten o' clock. I got a cup of milk and four biscuits at the house, which constituted my breakfast. I was sent to General Howard as an aid that day, and Fleda was kept trotting and galloping a good deal. It was a hard march, it rained, and we were so tired. We marched towards the Rapidan, towards Germania Fort. When we got within a mile, perhaps about four o' clock, our column was halted-General Slocum's Corps being immediately ahead of us. General Schurz and staff rode down to the river. What we saw there is very distinct before my eyes, but I cannot describe it. The banks of the river were over one hundred feet high; there were the foundations of the bridge that once stretched from bank to bank, but now destroyed; there was also new timber lying about; the rebels were in the act of rebuilding the bridge. Our cavalry took some fifty prisoners there; they didn't think that there was such a force near them. The first brigade of Slocum's Corps was just crossing by fording, the water coming up to the men's arms; they were all more or less disrobed, some entirely; they carried all their things of course, but it looked terrible to see them fording that rapid stream. Many fell, but there were mounted men there to help them up, and the brigade got across without accident. In the meantime, a bridge was being constructed close to the water's surface, and not more than one brigade had to ford the stream. We soon rode back to our troops and selected camping grounds for our division near a rill of pure, clear water. It was almost dark. The 26th came very near our headquarters in the woods, and all put up their shelter tents. I picked the last few crumbs of bread out of my saddle bags, but I assure you it was a scanty meal. Our wagon was not there. We had no tents, and I went to Captain Frank and asked him for a resting place in his little shelter; it was raining; he asked me in at once, into a tent where three men could lie side by side. He also gave me a cup of chocolate-happy man to have such a thing. I was almost asleep before I laid down. I had lain there about one hour, when I heard the voice of Major Hoffmann of our division, calling out Captain Winkler; I answered and he told me to have my horse saddled at once and report to the General at once. I did so. He told me to go down to the river and see how far the crossing of the 12th Corps had progressed, and to let him know when the road would be clear so that we could cross. I rode down, attended by an orderly. I learned the condition of things and sent back my orderly with a report and half an hour after, finding it was about time to start, I rode back to give that information. Our division crossed at ten o'clock and marched about half a mile beyond, where we took our position. To cross the river was attended by delay, as but few could cross at a time, and it was quite late when we all got into position. We took up headquarters in a barn and slept until dawn, when we got up to start again. It was a cold and drizzly, disagreeable morning, and we had nothing to eat; that was a hard day's march. We set out toward Fredericksburg, and towards evening came here to a place called Locust Grove. We took our headquarters at a farm house inhabited by eight sisters by the name of Hawkins and one brother, a boy of eighteen who had once been in the Rebel Army. They received us very kindly and hospitably; I assure you we enjoyed the supper. They gave us two good rooms, a bedroom for the General, and an adjoining spacious sitting room for the staff. We had now about accomplished our march and arrived near the place where the battle was to be fought. The clouds fled and the sun shone out clearly. We received an order from General Hooker for the manner in which we had performed the march, and all were happy, cheerful and confident of victory. We have remained at this house all day; there has been considerable fighting, and towards evening our corps was drawn up for battle, one rebel battery fired at us from the woods. A regiment was sent out and came back with two wounded, and the information that four guns and supporting infantry were there. Night overtook us soon, and of course all operations stopped. Our troops are sleeping on their arms and tomorrow a big battle will in all probability be fought. I cannot send you this, written you at different times today, until after the battle, but whatever my fate, it will probably reach you. Our troops are in excellent spirits, and this morning the weather was so fair, all felt so happy and enthusiastic that it may well be said that we had our May Day. If we can only give the rebels one good, decisive blow. I believe we can do it now, if ever. Our army is large and it is strong spirited and it is brave.
        It is now eleven o' clock and I must lie down to sleep to be up early in the morning. I shall write you more after the battle. I have full faith that I will live through it, but if I should fall, it will be for the cause of our country.

Letter #54______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Battle of Chancellorsville, May 4th, 1863. Noon

        I shall have a chance to send this letter through an officer going to Alexandria. I can but add one word. We had a severe fight, in which we were badly routed day before yesterday towards evening. Our corps lost heavily, the 26th too. The balls came thick and close. Poor Fleda was shot under me, right ¥ through the side, entirely disabling her; I had to leave her to continue my efforts to rally our mounted troops, and afterwards found her in the same place. She behaved so well under fire. We have expected a fight all day yesterday and also today. Yesterday morning a hard battle was fought, but our corps was not engaged. Skirmishing continued for an hour or two yesterday afternoon, but none were hurt.

Letter #55______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  May 7th, 1863.

        Before this reaches you, you will probably have heard the news that the entire Army of the Potomac has retired to its old camping grounds on the north of the Rappahannock. I should like to give you a full account of a portion of the disastrous engagement, but I cannot, I am too tired and it is too sad a story to write. We retired to this side of the Rappahannock yesterday, early in the morning, amid a cold chilly rain storm, and arrived in our old camp at dark last night. Our campaign was but ten days in duration, but they were ten days of great hardship; we had but little sleep, little to eat, hard work in the heat of the noonday sun and the chill of the night's rain as well. What will become of us now, I don't know; to cross the Rappahannock cannot be attempted again. Steps are being taken to refit the army again for another march, and we may remain here but a few days. The army, at least our corps, is demoralized; officers talk of resigning and a spirit of depression and lack of confidence manifests itself everywhere; this may be, and I hope is, transitory. It may be better tomorrow after a good night's rest. I crowded into an ambulance already full last night with wet clothes and a wet blanket and got a little rest. I am very tired but, considering all, I stood it pretty well. I miss my horse very much; I have none yet to replace it and can not well get one equal to Fleda. It is stated now that we are to recross the Rappahannock again right away; in fact, that portion of the army has already recrossed.

Letter #56______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  May 8th, 1863.

        It is cold weather still. There is no stove in my tent. We will probably march again in a few days. That ten days campaign has been a great experience to me and I am very glad to have enjoyed it, if I may say enjoyed; it was hard, very hard. Events crowded into those few days. It was the first time I was brought into hostile fire; the bullets flew pretty thick and whizzed pretty close about me. The noise, the smoke, and all were terrible, but it was terrific when panic stricken; all gave way and so did I. There was no occasion for deeds of heroism, all we could do was to try to stop the runaways. I tried my best, many others did, but who will-who can-halt the panic? The stories which are said to circulate in northern papers, charging the whole affair to the cowardice of the 3rd Division, are utterly false; the attack was made on our right flank, which was held by the 1st Division; that division fled wildly and confusedly right against our division, so as to come between us and the enemy. Our division did more than any other to check the enemy as they came on, and the 26th Wisconsin, in particular, distinguished itself Our flank was broken before they reached our division, and military men know what that is. The disposition of our troops was very bad; our right flank was perfectly defenseless. I felt perfectly composed during the whole affair.
        On Monday morning I was riding along a road, immediately behind a rifle Pit held by our troops, outside of which skirmishers were engaged; as I rode along about five shots were fired, evidently upon me, and the bullets came very near me but none of them hit. Upon the whole it is strange that, amid such torrents of balls, so few of them comparatively reach their destination.

Letter #57______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  May 11th, 1863.

        I should have written yesterday, but an indisposition prevented. I have not been very well for a few days; pain in my back troubled me, which yesterday became so acute that I was obliged to keep my lounge all day. I feel that I will be all right in a few days; we will stay here some little time yet, this will give me an opportunity entirely to recuperate. It is said that General Sigel is coming back to the Army of the Potomac to have an enlarged command, his old corps included; I hope it is so. He is the man to command this corps, all have confidence in him, while very little confidence is felt in General Howard. Troops without confidence in their leaders are worth nothing.

Letter #58______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  May 12th, 1863.

        I am very much better, indeed I am quite well today. New life is stirring in my veins and I am ready for duty again. Tomorrow, I shall have a court martial in session, with several cases to try for military crimes of the gravest nature. I am told that some northern papers tried to hold General Schurz responsible for our defeat of the 2nd inst., and that it is even asserted that he led the disgraceful scene in person. If you hear anything of that kind, you may say, on my authority, that it is a base, unmitigated falsehood. General Schurz only commands the smallest of the three divisions of the corps and he, of course, is not responsible for any but his own command; that his command gave way, fled, is true, but it was not precipitately; they stood, received and returned the murderous fire of the enemy-I will not say long-for that was impossible when attacked on three sides at once, but as long as it could be done, until the whole of the 1st Division, stronger than ours, had fled by. General Schurz, personally in the midst of danger, made all reasonable efforts to rally the fleeing troops. Our troops were in a wrong position, but that was not General Schurz fault; he protested against it without avail. I have lost a good deal in that little, brief campaign; my big blue cloak and a blanket was the first loss, they were put in the wrong wagon; two pairs of gloves are gone; my pistol was stolen, it was the one presented to me by some Milwaukee lawyers when I left; and my horse, saddle and bridle and saddle blanket are gone, leaving me-if not reduced to beggary-at least a poor man. I will have to have a new outfit before I can take Richmond. Ah! when we do come to taking Richmond, if we could only once have a proper reserve to an operating army; if we had had a reserve of fifty thousand men ready when we retreated to this side of the river, we might then, in spite of all the repulses we suffered, have taken advantage of Stoneman's splendid operations and marched to Richmond, but it may yet be done; I am not discouraged. We ought to have more troops though. I learned a great deal during that ten days' campaign; I saw a great deal, but I tell you what I would like to see-and have not seen-a great man. To be a great man in the field, one must possess a strong Physical frame, for greatness must never fatigue; but these are the elements I would chiefly invest in, no difficulty must appall him; no danger darken his brow; on the contrary, the more difficulties and embarrassments double and redouble around him, the more must his powers expand and the more resolutely must his mind grapple the dangers that visit him. Fully to answer this ideal would require supernatural endowments, but to some extent multitudes have possessed them, and I should like to see one who does; when every feature of the general shows diffidence and fear, the soldiers of his command cannot but feel it, and that is too often the case. I have seen it. I will never be a general, I do not desire to be. For a man who really possesses the qualifications, it would be a great thing, but for an ordinary man, even if he invariably do his duty as men say, it is nothing-army flattery to be sure-but what of that?
        Just now a dispatch from General Hooker tells us that the Richmond papers announce the death of General Stonewall Jackson, from wounds received in his last engagement; he has been very successful as a general, and dies in the noonday of his glory. I believe that he possessed to some extent the elements of greatness. I believe that he was a sincere man and believed in the cause he had so often and so victoriously fought. His earthly career is past, may he be forgiven the sins of his treason.

Letter #59______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  May 14th, 1863.

        I trust you did not remain in suspense too long, that you got my letter I sent off the day after the battle. How very false newspaper reports are, and how little to be relied upon, this instance clearly shows. I would like to try Mr. Crounse, the correspondent of the Times; he would not receive a very merciful judgment at the hands of this corps. I have seen many officers of other corps within the last few days, and been advised of all the circumstances; they are free to admit that any other corps would have acted very much as the 11th did. The entire Dss of killed and wounded gives the lie to Mr. 'rounse, and the very short time within which all lese casualties occurred shows the nature of the attack, that it was precipitated upon us. The 26th Wisconsin lost eight officers and about one hundred and fifty men, all in fifteen minutes, but I will not dwell upon it.

Letter #60______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Near Brooks' Station, May 17th, 1863.

        It is Sunday afternoon, delightful May weather, we have our headquarters on a beautiful green hill close by a farm house surrounded by young fruit and shade trees. We came here yesterday, only half a mile from our old camp. We were in a wood of large nine trees before; that is pleasant enough in winter, but in spring, when everything else that has been in repose leaps into life again, the unchanging somber hue of these evergreens seems very gloomy, almost dismal.
        You referred to the bad effect of our present rest on the cause on which we are engaged. It is utterly deplorable to look upon it in the light of calm, unhoping, calculating reason. It does, as you say, seem fatal; but the same reason which makes us fear that it is fatal, demonstrates that it is inevitable. A bold effort, staking everything-the entire army-but also having everything to hope for-might, before we recrossed the Rappahannock, have placed within our reach the golden fruits of a crushing, decisive victory. To be sure, it might also have proved our utter annihilation, but when I think upon it, I almost wish it had been made. It would have entailed great labor and privation on our army for a time, and many would have perished from exhaustion alone. We will lose just as many men as it is, only by a slower, more gradual process. I, of course, do not know just what we might have expected, but I believe that by bracing all our nerve and all our strength we might have struck a terrible blow at the heart of rebellion. We were in a bad position on the other side of the Rappahannock. We took to the defensive, our troops had their arms in their hands and a constant expectation of attach upon their minds day and night, and were behind breastworks and awaiting an attack with the hope of repelling the attack as the aim of victory. This was wearing on mind and body, and when the order came that we were to recross, I believe everybody felt a certain satisfaction at being relieved from a burden too heavy to carry. Beyond the river there was the promise of rest, of rest free from anxiety, free from alarms, from the pickets of skirmishers, and it was hailed, if not with joy, certainly with satisfaction. Some may call it demoralization, but it is natural to feel so. I believe that the bravest heart breathes more freely when the danger that lately surrounded it is past. If, however, instead of giving orders to withdraw across the river at dead of night, it had been ordered that the whole army should be gathered into as strong and compact columns as possible and at dawn of day present itself before the rebel army and attack and whip them, and the arrangements had been made during the night with the same care and assiduity that arrangements for our retreat were made, and every general and officer had made it his task by cheerful words and cheerful mien to inspire his men with confidence, I believe that army could have been made more glad to leap from its rifle pits and advance upon the foe than to leave those hated breastworks and retire to safety. The rebels did not operate on this principle, they staked their all in the battles there. They advanced with all their troops, leaving even Richmond unguarded, and consequently advanced with heavy battalions. They lost heavily, but what of that? It is of advantage only, as you say, on the principle of mutual extermination, man for man; this would ultimately give us victory, as our population is the larger.

Letter #61______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  May 18th, 1863.

        How long shall we remain in inactivity? When will we be ready to advance again? These are puzzling questions. At first it seemed as though we were to stay but a few days, only long enough to be refitted with knapsacks. This story circulated by correspondents, doubtless with the best of intentions, imputes to General Hooker the very brilliant strategic move of marching his whole army back in order to get knapsacks for those who lost them or threw them away. The fact that we assumed the defensive on the other side, and after a few days of indecisive fighting returned, it seems to me shows clearly that, in the opinion of our leaders, we were not strong enough for aggressive movements. The rebel force is as large as ours and to operate successfully, with the assurance of success, under the circumstances under which the two were respectively placed, our army must rely upon superior numbers, but this army is diminishing every day. The term of enlistment of a very large number of regiments, enlisted partly for two years and partly for nine months, is expiring and they are now leaving us. If, therefore, my supposition is correct, it is hard to say how we can attempt another forward movement, unless we are strongly reinforced from other armies. To wait for the conscripts would keep us here all summer. If we are going to do anything I am ready; if not, I would like to come home in the meantime, but this same remark will apply to every other man as well as to myself. It is irksome, tedious enough here, I assure you.
        I got a new horse today, a long legged, lank beast, not my own, a United States'. I have a horse now with a rope around his neck, no halter, no bridle, no saddle. I have never known a United States' horse that bore any other name than "Bill".
        I have whiled away a portion of my time these recent days in reading of the immortal deeds of the Mackeral Brigade in a series of letters written by Orpheus C. Kerr. Day before yesterday, most of our wounded came to the hospital from the other side of the river. I saw a great many of them-many of them who had been supposed to be dead. It is a sad sight, almost a sickening sight, to see such a collection of mutilated human beings. I feel now that it is my duty to go again; it is a duty that ought to be cheerfully done, but it is a constitutional infirmity of man to hardly bear to look on human suffering. We are glad to meet those whom we deem dead alive and comparatively slightly wounded. On the other hand, it is terrible to see others felicitating themselves on the slightness of their injuries when the surgeon's probe has ascertained the fact that life is impossible, death inevitable I must go, and I will go, to the hospital tomorrow morning, to bring to the sufferers what little pleasure and comfort I can.

Letter #62______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  May 20th, 1863.

        With two brass bands right before our door, it is not a very pleasant time for a very tired man to write, having ridden my new horse for several hours before dark. He is only four years old and perfectly untrained. I approached him on Monday morning with my saber hanging by my side, quite unsuspiciously; my man told me that he was desperately wild; I rode him all day, he broke one bridle, but I broke his will and made it subservient to mine. On Monday I went to a number of farms near the picket line, where we arrested some gentlemen of southern proclivities suspected of being spies, and took a good deal of contraband property. A mulatto youth was our guide and informer. His father is a white man, the mother a negro slave, and the recognized children their father's slaves. This exceeds what I supposed to be the utmost license of southern civilization. Virginia is suffering terribly under the scourge of war, but it seems that a state where such things are tolerated and even protected ought to suffer. A copy of the New York Herald received this after noon, gives a sketch of what is pretended to be our position at Chancellorsville, but it is all wrong. The roads are wrongs, the woods are wrong, and the position of our troops is grossly wrong. If our position had been as there represented, we would have been better off; in fact, it would have been stronger, it presents our front instead of our right flank to the enemy. This sketch is just like the correspondence we read, the predication of an eye witness.
        We have had many rumors around here lately, some concerning Sigel's returning, some of a breaking up of our corps, and one which almost seemed to come from a reliable source that our division was to be sent to General Rosecrans. General Howard will be glad to exchange the German troops for others, and they would very reasonably prefer to serve under some other general, although General Howard is a very honorable and excellent man. As a man, I esteem him very highly; as a general, I cannot but look upon him with misgivings. I should not be very much surprised if we should be sent west. Our latest news from Grant is very favorable, though not very definite. If what dispatches received indicate is true, we may hope soon to have Vicksburg, that coveted rebel stronghold on the Mississippi.
        A large portion of my time during several days past was spent at the hospital, not that I was sick, but I was on duty there, and a very disagreeable duty it is. It is hard. Many of the wounded have complained of one of our surgeons being drunk when on the other side of the Rappahannock in charge of wounded men and performing operations, some of which have been very unsuccessful. A court of inquiry has been appointed to investigate these complaints and I am recorder of the court, the same as judge advocate of a court martial. As most of the witnesses are unable to leave their beds, the investigation is quite difficult and we have to go to the hospital to take their testimony; mine is the double duty of first finding the witnesses and afterwards, in the presence of the court, taking their testimony; it will take us several days more. After that, I have about a dozen court martial cases awaiting my attention. When through with those, I will try to get leave to go to Washington for a few days; I must call on Uncle Sam and make him pay for Pleda, but I shall not stay there long. There are no attractions there except a look at civilization, and a meal at a table with a table cloth and from crockery instead of tin. My watch was disabled apparently by the shock of battle at Chancellorsville, and I have sent it to Washington to be repaired. There is a good deal said about General Lee's coming to the north of the Rappahannock shortly for our especial entertainment; if he does, we will have a fight, and if we don't whip him soundly, I think the Army of the Potomac had better be discharged for disability. There seems to be no serious apprehensions of immediate action. Visitors, both ladies and gentlemen, are quite numerous among us; General Schurz has sent for his wife and she is expected to arrive here tomorrow. She brings her little girl with her. That does not look very much like war, does it? They continue to talk a good deal of Mr. Lee's coming over here to pay us a visit, and preparations are made to resist him by making our position impregnable, at least we are working at fortifications. I don't believe he will come.

Letter #63______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  June 3rd, 1863.

        There are changes going on in our regiment again. Colonel Jacobs has tendered his resignation and, although he has met with little encouragement, he will no doubt get out of the service and his discharge will probably read "honorable". When promotions take place I, of course, can get the majorship, and I will accept it this time. Things here begin to look something more active again. We are under orders to have three days' rations in readiness for instant march. It is understood that bridges have been thrown across the Rappahannock and some of our troops were to cross. We heard quite heavy and rapid cannonading for two hours, between five and seven, this afternoon. I don't think a general crossing is intended; it was reported that the rebels had left their position on the heights of Fredericksburg, and this was probably an expedition to reconnoiter in force and ascertain the truth, and probably also to keep the enemy admonished that there is a force there and thus keep them from sending reenforcements west from the Virginia army; it may be, however, that we will shortly march. I am ready whenever the order comes.

Letter #64______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  June 11th, 1863.

        We shall enter upon a new campaign very soon. All the preparations are made and a portion of the army has already left; in two or three days we will probably take our departure. Before this letter reaches you, a telegram will probably have informed you of the movements of the Army of the Potomac. I have full faith that I shall go through another campaign unharmed, as I did through the last. I hope our coming campaign will be more successful. What plans are prepared for us, I don't know, but it almost seems as though we were to take up an entirely new base of operations. I am anxious to see and, at the same time, apprehensive as to the part the 11th Corps is to take in the coming movements I confess that I have but little confidence in the corps; jealousy and intrigues between officers has, in many of our old regiments, destroyed all discipline; most of them have a very good reputation for fighting and they may fight well under favorable circumstances, but they are not reliable in any emergency. Our main dependence is on the new regiments. I hope the 26th will behave as well in the next engagement as it did in the last, for there has been a great deal of depression of spirits. It was my desire that a new field officer should be appointed before we went into action again. I wished to go to Washington for a day or two, but I have been so busy all this time I could not. It seems to be Mr. Hooker's idea to go in a different direction,- and then of course I must be along.

Letter #65______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  June 12th, 1863.

        I went to corps headquarters at nine o'clock to attend a court martial and, just as I got there, the order came that we were to march at Once; I hurried back and packed. In the few minutes before the wagons come up, I can write to tell you that we are going. Mrs. Schurz has left rather hurriedly, poor woman, she seemed very much affected; all is bustle around us. Some people have a way of making an immense fuss when a move takes place; I thing we will get away just as comfortable and well by taking it easily. Here are the wagons and the pioneers to take my tent down and my desk away.

Letter #66______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Centreville, Mondays June 15th, 1863.

        After three days hard marching, we have come to a halt at Centreville and will stay to-day. We are but twenty-five miles from Washington now. Our move is an entire change of base. It is reported that Lee is in the Shenendoah Valley, threatening an invasion of Pennsylvania; we will probably follow him closely if it is true. This is a familiar region to all of us. The weather is very warm and dry, and our marches have been and will be pretty hard. If Lee is in the Valley, we may meet him there and have a fight soon. We crossed the famous Bull Run last night very near the battle field, and our present camping ground is near that historic field. Who knows but that a third battle may add to its notoriety. Our long march yesterday from Catlett Station was over fields that had more than once been trod by hostile armies and have seen many scenes of blood. We passed over farms where rich clover was growing, but deserted ruins only mark the spots where the Virginia husbandman and his family once were happy. I hope that the rebel general will not be persuaded to transfer the theatre of strife to the soil of a northern state, but it may occur, and might perhaps be for the best.

Letter #67______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  June 18th, 1863.

        Rain at length - refreshing rain - is delighting this parched country; it is the first rain since our recrossing the Rappahannock on the 6th of May. I am sitting in the tent, which we hurriedly pitched as the black clouds gathered. We are now at Goose Creek, half way between Gunn's Spring and Leesburg; we came here yesterday from Centreville. Our army seems to be watching the operation of the army of the enemy. We have rumors that a rebel raid has penetrated to Harrisburg, and the state buildings and bridges have been burned. It is almost dark. What to-morrow will bring forth, I do not know. We have most of our tents up, but our stay here is of very uncertain duration. We have had no mail and no newspaper, and are wholly ignorant except of these two facts, that Grant has not taken Vicksburg and Lee has not taken Harrisburg. I get a little homesick, when we are here so idle and uncomfortable, in every way disagreeably situated, deprived of everything. I rather wish that we march continually; this idleness is unendurable, but I must not complain.

Letter #68______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  June 21st, 1863.

        We have heard good active firing to the west of us all day, and it still continues. It is quite distant, supposed to be a little west of Aldie. Our cavalry corps, under Judge Presentine, and some infantry are said to be engaging Stewart. Just now the firing of artillery reopens after a calm of about half an hour; we are not near enough to distinguish anything but artillery fire. We are under orders to be ready to march at a moment's notice, and may break up at any moment, but I do not think that we will have a general engagement here. I told you once that a major of a regiment is not a very active or important position when the other two field officers are present. I should like to be Colonel of the 26th. I must take my promotion now, because I can do more good in the regiment than I can do here, even if I am not the commander. The interests of the regiment demand it. I must say that I do not like this staff very much.
        I have to go to work and stitch on my clothes and it is quite late; this stitching is pretty slow, tedious work. You have supplied me with needles and thread, so I will not get out if the war lasts ten years. The thimble I do not know how to use or wear it.

Letter #69______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Jefferson, June 26th, 1863.

        A letter, at the end of which I noticed our marching orders from Goose Creek, Virginia, I gave to a gentleman who has left us for Washington. Since then, we have left the deserted fields of Virginia and come to a smiling, happy, thrifty land, to Maryland. We marched to Edward's Ferry day before yesterday and remained there until four o'clock yesterday, when we resumed our march. We crossed the river on a pontoon bridge and marched through a land of exquisite rural beauty, such farms, such fields of heavy grain-some gathered - some ripening - at one place already bending under the reaper's cradle; the meandering river, the ranges of hills or mountains, it did the eye good to look upon them and made our very hearts happy. Of course, we suffered no want. We had an excellent dinner at a large farm house. We camped outside the pleasant little village of Jefferson about dark, and took our headquarters at a farm house. It is a large brick one, two parlors thrown open to the Major General and his staff. We had a good supper and breakfast and I feel ready to start again. The rebels are said to be at South Mountain, ten miles from here, and we are marching that way. Before this reaches you, you will probably have news of a battle near by. Middletown, June 27th, 1863. We came to this place, arriving at about 6 P.M. It is a small town of decidedly Union sentiments; as we came through, flags were displayed, ladies appeared at the windows waved handkerchiefs, and everywhere we see manifestations of pleasure at our appearance. We are stopping at the house of a miller, the proprietor of two mills, whose name is Miller. The rebels are said to be moving northward. Our stay here will only be long enough to concentrate our army and, as several corps arrived to-day, it is likely that we will go to-morrow. I think, if we have an engagement here or anywhere north, our soldiers will fight with great courage; it cannot be otherwise. The entire population, who treat them so kindly, will anxiously look on to shower upon them benedictions for victory, but scorn and indignation for defeat; the soft beams of sympathy which have smiled upon them has already brought a new spirit into the army. You should see them as they come from the village or a neighboring farm house, laden with bread and milk and pies. The whole female population is baking, and they sell to the soldiers with pleasure at very moderate prices. A number of the neighbors have come in and tendered their services as guides and scouts; it is evident that we will have one great advantage, that of reliable in formation in fighting in our own country. If we march to-morrow, we will probably go to Hagerstown. Lee is said to have left that place yesterday. We are here, right by the battle field of South Mountain many of the shells went into the house where we are. Mr. Miller himself, as he says, bore a conspicuous part in that battle, acting as guide, as also in a subsequent battle, that of Antietam.

Letter #70______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Emmetsburg, June 29th, 1863.

        While we were at dinner yesterday, the order came to take up our tents at once and march to Frederick; it was pretty late when we started and we were much delayed by other troops and trains on the road, so that we did not arrive at our camping ground until near nine o'clock. The Town of Middletown is situated in a valley between the South Mountain and the Catoctin Range, we crossed the latter to come to Frederick, and from the heights that valley presented the most beautiful scene I have ever witnessed.
        We stopped last night at a palatial mansion about a mile from Frederick. There were two young ladies there whose conversation seemed to delight two musical members of our staff; a very fine piano was played by the skilful hands of some of our officers for an hour, and then we composed ourselves to sleep on a large covered stoop in front of the house, to get up again at three A.M. At that hour reveille was sounded and we jumped up. I had not long been dressed when I was sent off to the other divisions, and when I returned our division was started. Breakfast was over. We marched over twenty miles and it rained. we arrived at Emmetsburg at 6 P.M. and, after we had located our troops here, about a mile from the village, and attended to other necessary business, General Schurz and some of us rode through the village. The 1st corps was just passing through and there was a good deal of enthusiasm displayed. A large portion of the place is in ruins, having been destroyed by fire; expensive buildings of the Catholic Church, convents, etc., occupy very fine grounds on the limits of the place; not far from here too, at the foot of the mountains, there is Saint Mary's College, said to be the oldest college in the country.
        We are ordered to march again at daylight to-morrow; that will take us into Pennsylvania. Our whole army was collected near Frederick last night, and it is no longer under the command of General Hooker, but of General Meade. It can be but a few days before we will meet the enemy, probably this week. Who knows but the decisive battle of this war may be fought on the 4th of July. It is 9 P.M. Have only had one meal to-day and am very hungry and must try and get something to eat before I lie down.

Letter #71______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  June 30th, 1863.

        Just about the time for reveille to sound, according to previous orders, orders were received at the headquarters countermanding our orders to march. We were not sorry to be allowed to sleep a couple of hours longer. We changed our camp this morning and came to the Sisterhood, to which I alluded last night. It is a wealthy institution of the Sisters of Charity, connected with Saint Joseph's Academy. The grounds and buildings are very extensive. We just went through the school building under the guidance of Father Vorlando, who has charge of the whole and is I believe the head of the institution of the Sisters of Charity of the United States. He is a very refined, gentlemanly and accomplished Italian priest. One of the Sisters, an accomplished lady, accompanied us also. This institution is magnificent, and yet everything quite simple; we saw everything, even the sleeping room of the school girls; it is vacation, and at present most of the scholars away. Our headquarters are on the ground in a house of the Sisters; it is quite a large frame house and we have the entire ground floor. The furniture is confined to tables, benches and chairs. Father Vorlando tells me that it was once used for an Orphan Asylum, and is not now devoted to any particular use but kept as a refuge for the houseless. When forty-two families of the village were made homeless by the fire of three weeks ago, this house offered them shelter, and a few of the families are still here. The Sisters gave us a very good dinner to-day, which all enjoyed heartily. It is said that the rebels are marching upon Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, that is the place that we intended to go to to-day; if they do march upon It, they are coming directly towards us. It has been raining the greater part of the day. The air is very moist, and showers are still impending.

Letter #72______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  July 4th, 1863.

        In three days' hard fighting we have whipped the rebels terribly; they've fled. We now start in pursuit I am saved from all harm, and that is all I can tell you now.

Letter #73______________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                  Battle of Gettysburg Emmetsburg, Md.,
                                                                                                  July 6th, 1863.

        Back again in the hospitable mansion of the Sisterhood, where I wrote my last letter to you, except the little note of the 4th inst. It will be a week tomorrow since I wrote to you here before. The battle that was then impending has come off, has come off fiercely, virulently. It swept away many of our men, of our bravest and best; it has told with terrible force upon the enemy and driven the rebel invader from northern soil. I thank God for having come safely out from the danger that environed me. Let me tell you, as near as I can, how it was. The order came last Wednesday morning to march for Gettysburg at seven A.M.: we started accordingly, our division having the advance. The distance by the road is about thirteen miles; we had gotten half way when we heard firing in front-a little to the left-it was the same kind of firing that we have heard very often on our marches of late, and we attributed it to a cavalry fight. I was riding a little in advance of our column with Captain Dilger, who commands a battery in our division, one of the best artillery officers in the service. An aid from General Howard coming back met us and told us there was a high point about a mile to the left of the road where the ring could be seen plainly. Captain Dilger and my self concluded to go and take a look at it. We turned to the left and had ridden but a little ways when we noticed that all was quiet again, and therefore went no further. Before we got back to the road we found several splendid cherry trees laden with ripe cherries and stopped to eat. When we rode back, we came to the head of the column and found that General Schurz was ahead. The firing had re-opened and became quite fierce; we soon learned that there was a battle going on on the other side of Gettysburg, and we hastened to overtake General Schurz. Just as we got to the edge of the village, one of our staff officers met us and told us that General Reynolds had fallen and General Howard taken command of the wing of the army which the latter had commanded, and General Schurz was in command of the corps. I rode into the town and out on the other side, where the first corps was engaged and joined General S. It must have been about noon when our corps became engaged. General Reynolds had arrived there some hours before with the 1st Corps, and a small force of cavalry, and had immediately driven what rebels there were out of the town and advanced to the other side and engaged the enemy. This movement, when no other troops were within immediate supporting distance and when only one more corps, the 11th, was able to come to his assistance at all, was certainly very rash and inconsiderate. Our men were very tired when they got there; they had marched a great distance at a very rapid rate through deep mud and we met with heavy showers. They were brought into action at once. The third division first, the first division on its right, the second was kept in reserve. Captain Dilger's battery was brought to the extreme front and did splendid work, so also another of our batteries; all of our troops behaved well and maintained their position against superior numbers; but at last the rebel forces came too strongly on their flanks and they had to retreat. General Schurz had sent for a brigade of the 2nd Division to come to his support, and as a severe attack on our right flank became imminent sent me to hurry it up. I dashed through the town to the other side, where the reserves were stationed, as fast as my horse could carry me, and when I came up there the brigade had not yet started. I urged haste impetuously, and it set in motion at once. I rode ahead and met General Schurz just in time; just in sight of the town, on the north side, the 1st Division, in a retreat less orderly than it should have been, was crowding the sidewalk on both sides. I asked General Schurz what it meant. The 1st Division had fallen back in confusion and all was in full retreat. I showed him the reenforcement who were marching on rapidly; he then turned around and lead this column a little beyond the village and had them deploy to the right of the road, where the rebels were advancing very strongly. In the outskirts and on the left of the line thus formed, were found the remnants of the 2nd brigade of our 3rd Division, and among them thirty-two men with the colors of the 26th Wisconsin, but without any officer; we rode by them and they called out to me and, with the General's permission, I sent my horse away and took command of this gallant squad. Two men of Company B had saved the colors. I formed my little band in two ranks and had them sit down in the road. It was useless, of course, to try to resist the long rebel forces that were then approaching, but we could delay them and thus ensure a safe retreat to the rest of our troops. I here were three fresh regiments on our right, and there were one hundred to one hundred and fifty men of our brigade. While we were there, the rest of the brigade left me; I suppose it was just as well, we could perhaps do no good, but there was a brigade of infantry still on our right and I had no orders to fall back. So, when several of my men rose to follow the rest of the brigade, I told them to stay; they did stay. The brigade on our right was a little further out than we were and r